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Showing posts from September, 2017

History of food microbiology

As a discipline, Food Microbiology does not have a precise beginning.  Events which stretched over several centuries ultimately led to the recognition of the significance and role of microorganisms in foods.  Food borne disease and food spoilage have been part of the human experience since the dawn of our race.  Although the actual cause of these problems would remain a mystery for thousands of years, many early civilizations discovered and applied effective methods to preserve and protect their food: 7000 BC – Evidence that the Babylonians manufactured beer (fermentation).  Wine appeared in about 3500 BC.  In early civilizations (and even today in underdeveloped countries where modern sanitation is lacking), alcoholic beverages like beer and wine were much safer to consume than the local water supply, because the water was often contaminated with intestinal microorganisms that caused cholera, dysentery and other serious diseases. 6000 BC – The first apparent referenc

Slaughtering process of goat and sheep

1. Introduction Sheep and goat skins are one of the most important foreign exchange earners to the Ethiopian economy. There is, however, substantial loss due to rejection and downgrading of sheep/goat skins. This has resulted in substantial losses to producers, traders, tanneries and also to the country’s economy. Most people in Ethiopia slaughter sheep and goats in their backyards due to traditional norms and lack of legislation. Inadequate attention is paid to maintaining quality as a result of the by-product status accorded to skins. Farmers and butchers in rural areas get a very low price for the skins that are no incentive for proper handling and drying. Tanning of damaged skins require more chemicals and effort to repair them. This means extra cost and extra pollution. Estimates of the loss to the Ethiopian economy due to poor handling and other problems reach US $ 14 million per year. Care during slaughter and flaying of sheep/goats has a profound impact on the q

Apple Iphone 8 and iPhone x features and specifications

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iPhone x Super Retina Display With iPhone X, the device is the display. An all‑new 5.8‑inch Super Retina screen fills the hand and dazzles the eyes. Innovative Technology The display employs new techniques and technology to precisely follow the curves of the design, all the way to the elegantly rounded corners. OLED Designed for iPhone X The first OLED screen that rises to the standards of iPhone, with accurate, stunning colours, true blacks, high brightness and a 1,000,000 to 1 contrast ratio. TrueDepth Camera A tiny space houses some of the most sophisticated technology we’ve ever developed, including the cameras and sensors that enable Face ID. All-New Design The most durable glass ever in a smartphone, front and back. Surgical‑grade stainless steel. Wireless charging. Water and dust resistance. Intuitive Gestures Familiar gestures make navigation natural and intuitive. Instead of pressing a button, a single swipe takes you